These are abstracts of published research by Josh Cooper in Internationally distributed scholarly journals including the National Strength and Conditioning Association Research Journal and the American College of Sports Medicine Research Journal. Note:The first publication Comparison of loaded and unloaded jump squats was published as Josh Coopers Masters Thesis.

The full text articles can be viewed at: www.nsca.com and www.acsm.org

ABSTRACT

J.J. Cooper, N.A. Ratamess, J. Kang, A. Chilakos, and A. D. Faigenbaum. Comparison of loaded and unloaded jump squat training on strength/power performance in college football players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 19(4):810–815. 2005.—The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of 5 weeks of eccentrically loaded and unloaded jump squat training in experienced resistance-trained athletes during the strength/ power phase of a 15-week periodized off-season resistance training program. Forty-seven male college football players were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups. One group performed the jump squat exercise using both concentric and eccentric phases of contraction (CE; n = 15). A second group performed the jump squat exercise using the concentric phase only (n = 16), and a third group did not perform the jump squat exercise and served as control (CT; n = 16). No significant differences between the groups were seen in power, vertical jump height, 40-yd sprint speed and agility performance. In addition, no differences between the groups were seen in integrated electromyography activity during the jump squat exercise. Significant differences between the CE and CT groups were seen in Δ 1RM squat (65.8 and 27.5 kg, respectively) and Δ 1RM power clean (25.9 and 3.8 kg, respectively). No other between-group differences were observed. Results of this study provide evidence of the benefits of the jump squat exercise during a short-duration (5-week) training program for eliciting strength and power gains. In addition, the eccentric phase of this ballistic movement appears to have important implications for eliciting these strength gains in college football players during an off-season training program. Thus, coaches incorporating jump squats (using both concentric and eccentric phases of contraction) in the off-season training programs of their athletes can see significant performance improvements during a relatively short duration of training.

Key Words: ballistic training, resistance training, strength training, periodization

doi: 10.1519/15454.1
The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 509–513.

The Effect of a Competitive Collegiate Football Season on Power Performance and Muscle Oxygen Recovery Kinetics

Jay R. Hoffman

The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628

Joohee Im

Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

Jie Kang and Nicholas A. Ratamess

The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628

Shoko Nioka

Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

Kenneth W. Rundell

Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18509

Ryotaro Kime

Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

Joshua Cooper

The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628

Britton Chance

Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

ABSTRACT

Hoffman, J.R., J. Im, J. Kang, N.A. Ratamess, S. Nioka, K.W. Rundell, R. Kime, J. Cooper, and B. Chance. The Effect of a Competitive Collegiate Football Season on Power Performance and Muscle Oxygen Recovery Kinetics. J. Strength Cond. Res. 19(3):509–513. 2005.—Ten intercollegiate football players were tested within 3 days prior to (T1) and the day following the end (T2) of football preseason training camp and during weeks 7 (T3) and 11 (T4) of the competitive season. During each testing session, subjects performed a 30-second Wingate anaerobic power test. Near-infrared continuous wave spectroscopy was used to measure muscle deoxygenation during exercise. No changes in any power performance measures were seen during the competitive football season. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the extent of deoxygenation during exercise was observed between T2 (72.6 ± 19.4%) and T4 (50.2 ± 14.2%). A 30 and 29% difference (p < 0.05) in the onset of reoxygenation was observed between T1 and T3 and T4, respectively. A 51% decrease (p < 0.05) in halftime recovery was observed between T2 and T3. Results indicate that the extent of muscle deoxygenation is reduced during high-intensity exercise and that muscle oxygen recovery kinetics improves over the duration of a competitive season of football.

Key Words: Anaerobic power, competitive athletes, football, performance, near-infrared spectroscopy, muscle ischemia

 

 

doi: 10.1519/1533-4287(2005)19[305:EOPRDR]2.0.CO;2
The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 305–309.

Evaluation of Physiological Responses During Recovery Following Three Resistance Exercise Programs

Jie Kang and Jay R. Hoffman

The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628

Joohee Im

Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

Barry A. Spiering

Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18509

Nicholas A. Ratamess

The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628

Kenneth W. Rundell

Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18509

Shoko Nioka

Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

Joshua Cooper

The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628

Britton Chance

Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

ABSTRACT

Kang, J., J.R. Hoffman, J. Im, B.A. Spiering, N.A. Ratamess, K.W. Rundell, S. Nioka, J. Cooper, and B. Chance. Evaluation of physiological responses during recovery following three resistance exercise programs. J. Strength Cond. Res. 19(2): 305–309. 2005.—The present study was conducted to examine (a) whether there is an association between maximal oxygen uptake ( O₂max) and reduction in postexercise heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentrations ([La]) following resistance exercise and (b) how intensity and VOlume of resistance exercise affect postexercise O₂. Eleven regularly weight-trained males (20.8 ± 1.3 years; 96.2 ± 14.4 kg, 182.4 ± 7.3 cm) underwent 4 sets of squat exercise on 3 separate occasions that differed in both exercise intensity and volume. During each testing session, subjects performed either 15 repetitions·set^−1 at 60% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) (L), 10 repetitions·set^−1 at 75% of 1RM (M), or 4 repetitions·set^−1 at 90% of 1RM (H). During each exercise, O₂ and HR were measured before (PRE), immediately post (IP), and at 10 (10P), 20 (20P) 30 (30P), and 40 (40P) minutes postexercise. The [La] was measured at PRE, IP, 20P, and 40P. Decrease in HR (ΔHR) was determined by subtracting HR at 10P from that at IP, whereas decrease in [La] (Δ[La]) was computed by subtracting [La] at 20P from that at IP. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) was found between O₂max and ΔHR in all exercise conditions. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) was also found between O₂max and Δ[La] in L and M but not in H. The O₂ was higher (p < 0.05) during M than H at IP and 10P, while no difference was seen between L and M and between L and H. These results indicate that those with greater aerobic capacity tend to have a greater reduction in HR and [La] during recovery from resistance exercise. In addition, an exercise routine performed at low to moderate intensity coupled with a moderate to high exercise volume is most effective in maximizing caloric expenditure following resistance exercise.

Key Words: 1RM, maximal oxygen uptake, heart rate, lactate, exercise intensity

 

 

doi: 10.1519/13973.1
The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 747–752.

Effects of β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate on Power Performance and Indices of Muscle Damage and Stress During High-Intensity Training

Jay R. Hoffman, Joshua Cooper, Michael Wendell, Joohee Im, and Jie Kang

Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628

ABSTRACT

Hoffman, J.R., J. Cooper, M. Wendell, J. Im, and J. Kang. Effects of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate on power performance and indices of muscle damage and stress during high intensity training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 18(4):000–000. 2004.— Twenty-six members of a collegiate football team were randomly assigned to either a supplement (S) (3 g of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate [HMB] per day) or placebo (P) group. Testing occurred before (PRE) and at the end of 10 days of preseason football training camp (POST). During each testing session, subjects performed an anaerobic power test, and blood samples were obtained for testosterone, cortisol, creatine kinase, and myoglobin analysis. No differences in anaerobic power were seen between PRE and POST in either group. Cortisol concentrations were significantly decreased from PRE (333 ± 81 nmol·L^−1) to POST (246 ± 79 nmol·L^−1), and a sixfold increase was seen in creatine kinase concentrations at POST. However, no significant differences between the groups were seen. No significant time or group effects were observed in testosterone or myoglobin concentrations. Results suggest that short duration HMB supplementation does not provide any ergogenic benefit in collegiate football players during preseason training camp.

Key Words: nutritional supplementation, football, endocrine, training

 

 

doi: 10.1519/1533-4287(2004)018<0129:COOVTP>2.0.CO;2
The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 129–135.

Comparison of Olympic vs. Traditional Power Lifting Training Programs in Football Players

Jay R. Hoffman, Joshua Cooper, Michael Wendell, and Jie Kang

Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628-0718

ABSTRACT

Hoffman, J.R., J. Cooper, M. Wendell, and J. Kang. Comparison of olympic versus traditional power lifting training programs in football players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 18(1):129–135. 2004.—Twenty members of an National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III collegiate football team were assigned to either an Olympic lifting (OL) group or power lifting (PL) group. Each group was matched by position and trained 4-days·wk^−1 for 15 weeks. Testing consisted of field tests to evaluate strength (1RM squat and bench press), 40-yard sprint, agility, vertical jump height (VJ), and vertical jump power (VJP). No significant pre- to posttraining differences were observed in 1RM bench press, 40-yard sprint, agility, VJ or in VJP in either group. Significant improvements were seen in 1RM squat in both the OL and PL groups. After log10-transformation, OL were observed to have a significantly greater improvement in ΔVJ than PL. Despite an 18% greater improvement in 1RM squat (p > 0.05), and a twofold greater improvement (p > 0.05) in 40-yard sprint time by OL, no further significant group differences were seen. Results suggest that OL can provide a significant advantage over PL in vertical jump performance changes.

Key Words: athletic performance, football, resistance training, periodized training

 

 

doi: 10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0561:CBLANI>2.0.CO;2
The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 561–565.

Comparison Between Linear and Nonlinear In-Season Training Programs in Freshman Football Players

Jay R. Hoffman, Michael Wendell, Joshua Cooper, and Jie Kang

Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to compare linear (LT) with nonlinear (NL) in-season training programs in freshman football players during the course of 2 separate seasons. During the first year (n = 14, mean ± SD = 177.3 ± 4.8 cm, 88.0 ± 9.7 kg), the LT program was employed 2 days per week. In the second year (n = 14, 175.0 ± 7.1 cm, 94.2 ± 20.5 kg), a 2 days per week LT was used. Subjects were tested for maximal strength in the squat (1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and bench press (1RM) exercises. A significant improvement in 1RM squat was seen in LT, but not in NL. No significant improvement in 1RM bench press was seen in either group. A significant difference between LT and NL was observed in Δ1RM squat (13.8 ± 7.4 kg compared with 1.6 ± 2.6 kg, respectively). Results of this study suggest that LT may be more effective in eliciting strength gains than NL in freshman football players during an in-season training program.

Reference Data: Hoffman, J.R., M. Wendell, J. Cooper, and J. Kang. Comparison between linear and nonlinear in-season training programs in freshman football players.

Key Words: athletic performance, resistance training, periodized training

 

 

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: Volume 36(5) Supplement May 2004 p S232-S233

Changes in Muscle Oxygen Recovery Kinetics in College Football Players

[Annual Meeting Abstracts: E-54 - Free Communication/Slide: VO2 Kinetics II]

Hoffman, Jay R. FACSM¹; Im, Joohee²; Kang, Jie FACSM¹; Nioka, Shoko²; Rundell, Kenneth W. FACSM³; Ratamess, Nicholas¹; Cooper, Joshua¹; Chance, Britton FACSM²

¹The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ.

²University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.

³Marywood University, Scranton, PA.

Email: hoffmanj@tcnj.edu

1591

Purpose: To examine changes in muscle oxygenation and recovery following high intensity exercise during a competitive football season. Methods: Ten intercollegiate football players (20.8 1.0 yr; 98.5 18.3 kg, 181.3 6.9 cm) reported to the Human Performance Laboratory on 4 separate occasions for anaerobic power testing. The first testing session (T1) occurred one day prior to the start of preseason training camp. The second testing session (T2) occurred at the end of two-a-day football sessions. The other two testing sessions occurred at weeks 7 (T4) and 11 (T5) of the competitive season. During each testing session subjects performed a 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Power test. Near infrared continuous wave spectroscopy was used to measure muscle deoxygenation in the vastus lateralis during exercise. The rate of deoxy Hb/Mb change was used to determine reoxygenation rate. Results: No significant changes in peak power (1898 ± 186 w), mean power (1295 ± 51 w) or total work (38742 ± 1388 J) were seen during the competitive football season. A significant (p<0.05) decrease in the extent of deoxygenation during high intensity exercise was seen between T2 (72.6 19.4%) and T4 (50.2 14.2 %). No significant changes were seen in the onset of reoxygenation and once reoxygenation began no difference in T½ recovery were observed as well. Interestingly, a 35% decrease in time to reoxygenation was seen between T2 and T4 (P>0.05), and a 38% decrease in the T½ recovery (p>0.05) was also seen between those two time points. CONCLUSIONS: Extent of muscle deoxygenation does appear to be reduced during high intensity exercise over the duration of a competitive season of football. In addition, results also suggest that muscle oxygen recovery kinetics may improve as the season progresses, however further research is needed to provide further support of these findings. Supported by NIH Grant HL-44125-12

 

 

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: Volume 35(5) Supplement 1 May 2003 p S401

EFFECT OF INTENSITY AND VOLUME OF TRAINING ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION FOLLOWING RESISTANCE EXERCISE

[H-22E FREE COMMUNICATION/SLIDE RESISTANCE TRAINING]

Cooper, J¹; Kang, J FACSM¹; Hoffman, J R. FACSM¹; Im, J¹; Nioka, S¹; Spiering, B A.¹; Rundell, K W. FACSM¹; Chance, B FACSM¹

¹The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, Dept of Biochem & Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, Marywood University, Scranton, PA

(Sponsor: Jie Kang, FACSM)

The importance of both intensity and volume in the resistance exercise prescription is well acknowledged. However, the effect that these training variables have on post-exercise oxygen consumption is not well understood. This information is critical for individuals who are attempting to improve strength and maximize caloric expenditure.

PURPOSE

To examine the effect of training intensity and volume on oxygen consumption following resistance exercise.

METHODS

Eleven male weightlifters (20.8 +/- 1.3 yr; 96.2 +/- 14.4 kg, 182.4 +/- 7.3 cm) performed 4 sets of the squat exercise on 3 separate occasions that differed in both intensity and volume. During each testing session subjects performed either 15 repetitions/set at 60% of 1RM (L), 10 repetitions/set at 75% of 1RM (M), or 4 repetitions/set at 90% of 1RM (H). The order of exercise was randomly determined. During each exercise session, oxygen uptake (VO2), Heart rate (HR), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured before (PRE), immediately post (IP), and at 10 (10P), 20 (20P) 30 (30P) and 40 (40P) minutes postexercise. Plasma lactate (La) was measured at PRE, IP, 20P and 40P.

RESULTS

VO2 was higher (p < 0.05) during M than H at IP (0.97 +/- 0.19 vs 0.78 +/- 0.27 L/min, respectively) and 10P (0.61 +/- 0.15 vs 0.45 +/- 0.12 L/min, respectively). No significant differences between L and the other training sessions were seen. HR was higher during L and M compared to H at IP, 10P, 20P, 30P, and 40P. However, differences (p < 0.05) were only seen between L and H. La was higher (p < 0.05) in L and M compared to H at IP, 20P and 40P.RER remained similar across all 3 exercise sessions.

CONCLUSIONS

It appears that postexercise oxygen consumption is influenced by both training intensity and volume. Results of this study suggest that resistance exercise performed at a low to moderate intensity is more advantageous in maximizing postexercise caloric expenditure than higher intensity training.